Critically discuss how language differences between home and host Essay

Fundamentally talk about how language contrasts among home and host nation can impact MNCs section mode procedure - Essay Example Notwithstanding, these language hindrances can effectsly affect diverse passage modes. The degree of MNCs introduction to language hindrance will in this manner rely upon their entrance mode. Also, there are different writing analyzing the impact of formal foundations and casual organizations (predominantly language) on section mode decision. Despite the fact that the impact of language on section mode decision is generally understudied, there exist considers that look at the effect of language on a portion of the passage modes independently. The rising degree of globalization has happened to tremendous significance at present. An ever increasing number of firms start to look to outside grounds to build their organizations as the globe turns out to be increasingly joined. To oversee such activities across outside limits has happened to the greatest issues for universal firms today (Egger, 2012). The universal economy has defined a business structure which needs firms to look past the customary thinking of the home market, and start rather seeing at organizations from an outside worldwide view. The method a firm endeavor from their market to new outside business sectors geologically is critical for how best the firm accomplishes its objectives with their different organizations. Little and normal measured organizations, which have taken their decision to internationalize, need to develop into remote markets face the difficulty of settling on the best auxiliary system. There are various elements, which urge firms to initiate their activities in remote markets (Feely, 2003). The most well-known incorporate the expectation for economies of scale, the experience bend impacts result from an extended degree of yields, and the truth of the presence of business sectors which are gainful in the worldwide markets which is absent at home. It very well may be accepted that the creating in spread of data, progress in movement conditions, decline in tax issues and others have

Disciplining Style Differences of Divorced Parents Essay

Presentation Families come in all shapes and sizes. A few families have two guardians in the home, others are ran by single guardians, while others have stepmothers and stepfathers with kids having organic and half-kin. These elements are captivating and frequently I have considered how the guardians in such families may vary in their child rearing styles dependent on the relationship of the Mother and Father. In the customary family, the Mother and Father are commonly hitched and dwell in a similar family unit bringing up the youngsters they have made together, while different groups of separated from guardians may have joint authority of their kids and live in isolated living arrangements. I am interested to know how these guardians work, explicitly in the zone of order. Kid Behavior will in general be incredibly affected by an adjustment in the family structure, for example, separate. In addition to the fact that children behave ineffectively in school after a separation, yet additionally ther e are contemplates that show High School drop out rates are altogether higher in a solitary parent family unit than a home with double child rearing. This examination will fill three needs. The first is to portray the disciplinary acts of a separated from guardians, examining the most well-known procedures utilized by the normal separated from parent. Next, this examination will clarify the viability of these procedures, looking at the aftereffect of youngster conduct in every one of the models. At long last, this examination will diagram the best order methods for separated from guardians to maintain a strategic distance from the social issues that a separation can bring upon a kid. The best disciplinary procedures for separated from guardians is to cooperate all through the disciplinary works on, staying reliable among the two guardians and conveying on disciplines for off base practices. This guarantees respectful youngsters and improves the probability of instructive achievement of their kids. Issue Statement Offspring of separated from guardians endure with social issues considerably more frequently than kids from customary relational intricacies comprising of a two-parent family units. Propositions issues incorporate little results, for example, awful conduct in the homeroom and can be much more cut off, for example, improved probability of secondary school dropouts. Indeed, in an examination audited by Green, K., of a gathering of understudies who originated from a separated from family, just â€Å"about 60 percent got high†¨school diplomas† (Green, 2009). This is contrasted with 78.4% of understudies from a conventional family of two guardians. Changes in child rearing ought to have the option to lessen these dangers and there is no better method to change child rearing styles other than exploring the various styles of child rearing and inspecting the best procedures. Separated from guardians regularly come up short on an organization and consistency that a double parent family unit has, thus, so as to keep negative results from poor youngster conduct, separated from guardians need to cooperate, stay reliable, and consider their kids responsible for their activities. The inquiry this examination would like to answer is, how are separated parents’ disciplinary activities not quite the same as conventional families, and what would they be able to do to guarantee their child’s achievement? Justification Youngster conduct is so significant since it is frequently said that past conduct is a decent marker of future conduct. â€Å"The experimental finding that youth issue conduct is prescient of grown-up issue conduct has been recorded in a few longitudinal examples, paying little heed to time, place, test qualities, or explicit proportions of outcome† (Ensminger, 2006, p194). Kids will in general act all the more ineffectively when they are brought up in a home of a separated from parent, so it is essential to comprehend the methodologies taken by these guardians and survey their viability so as to clarify the best disciplinary strategies so this conduct can be adjusted early enough to take out the dangers of social issues in kids. This examination is intended to be something beyond a portrayal of child rearing styles, be that as it may, likewise fill in as a guide for separated from guardians too. Research Objectives This investigation will fill three needs. The primary will be to recognize the most well-known disciplinary methodologies among separated from guardians and conventional families. Among these methodologies, we will at that point decide the best of these methodologies, which is the subsequent target. At long last, We will satisfy the third reason, which is to comprehend the complexities that separation brings upon a parent in restraining, and recommend supportive tips from the best child rearing styles investigated. At the point when everything is said and done, we might want to help single guardians who are bringing up their kids after a separation comprehend the significance of good order rehearses, most regularly found in conventional families and maintaining a strategic distance from any potential negative effects of kid conduct. Theory My conjecture is that most separated from guardians don't set aside the effort to explore the best child rearing strategies, particularly in the zone of control. This can assist them with evaluating their present systems and make them fully aware of every single new methodologies with the best results. I would rough approximation that most single guardians need discipline because of the dread of loosing the notoriety challenge they’re in with the ex-life partner and their youngsters. This is tragic in light of the fact that they are really accomplishing more mischief than anything. A youngster that doesn't have discipline in the home can bring about horrendous outcomes, both for the kid also for the general public wherein this kid will live in, since connections to culpability have just been set up with kid conduct and absence of control. I would anticipate that whenever separated from guardians were to utilize powerful order, for example, cooperating, staying steady and keeping their youngsters responsible for their activities, at that point they would bring up better-carried on kids and increment the possibility of a fruitful life for their kids, much like their customary family partner. Meaning of Terms This paper will have a few terms that will have a few terms that will be characterized in this bit and will be actualized all through the examination. The main term I wish to characterize is the term â€Å"traditional family†. A customary family will be characterized by a family unit wherein the youngsters live with both their mom and father and both are hitched. The following term characterized is a separated from family, or a family wherein the children’s guardians have separated and not, at this point live respectively. The term â€Å"children† will portray teenagers under 18 years old. Another term is discipline, which we will characterize as any activity taken by a parent to address the terrible conduct of their kids. At long last, we will characterize Behavior as the activities as well as perspectives showed by a kid. Rundown It is basic that kids be trained for showing poor conduct. This can forestall such results as secondary school dropouts and crimes, which is frequently the aftereffect of awful youth conduct. Separated from families regularly need discipline in the family unit, because of the nonappearance of association among separated from guardians and consistency in child rearing, in this way, so as to forestall negative outcomes of kid conduct issues, separated from guardians need to cooperate, stay reliable, and consider their youngsters responsible for their activities. I anticipate that conventional families have a great deal of contrasts in their disciplinary practices, for example, collaboration, consistency and responsibility that is lacking in a separated from family, where the guardians are isolated in various living arrangements. Much can be increased about inquiring about viable disciplinary strategies, particularly among separated from guardians, very much trained youngsters can build the job of their grown-up life and guarantee an additionally encouraging future, which is everything a parent seeks after their kids. References Ensminger, M. E. (2006). Youth Behavior and Adult Criminality: Cluster Analysis in a Prospective Study of African Americans. DOI 10.1007/s10940-006-9008-9 Green, K. (2009). Your Child Your Divorce. School Drop-Out Rates Rise for Children of Divorce, Claims Study. Recovered from: http://yourchildyourdivorce.com/wordpress/school-drop-out-rates-ascend for-offspring of-separate cases study/In Research from University of Alberta (as refered to in Green, K. (2009). Your Child Your Divorce. School Drop-Out Rates Rise for Children of Divorce, Claims Study. Recovered from: http://yourchildyourdivorce.com/wordpress/school-drop-out-rates-ascend for-offspring of-separate cases study/)

Preview of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile 11th Edition New Features for College Students!

Preview of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile 11th Edition â€" New Features for College Students! The 11th edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn ® Profile will be published soon (projected January release date!), and one of the new additions is a guide to LinkedIn ® for college students. At this time of college admissions fervor, I thought it would be appropriate to reveal this section especially for my blog readers! LinkedIn ® For Students and LinkedIn ® Youniversity are two of LinkedIn’s newest features. If youre one of the 39 million college students on LinkedIn ®, or if you’re considering becoming one of them, you will get value from my newest appendix, which addresses some features you may have not realized were available to you. Enjoy! LinkedIn ® For Students LinkedIn ® Youniversity LinkedIn ® for Students is filled with videos and tips on the most effective ways to use LinkedIn ®, from building your personal brand to getting an internship. Available videos cover a variety of topics to get you started with networking, discovering your career passion and prepping for interviews. Youll also find checklists and tip sheets for building your student profile and utilizing LinkedIns Alumni tools. Student Jobs 101 provides tips for optimizing your LinkedIn ® profile, approaching the college job hunt, and applying for internships and entry-level positions. Jobs for Students and Recent Graduates is LinkedIns search engine for internship positions and jobs for recent graduates. Search by industry for a list of positions that may interest you. LinkedIn for Students Articles contains a collection of articles written by LinkedIns top writers related to college and career. LinkedIn ® Youniversity is designed to help students find the perfect college. Its a one-stop hub where you can communicate with other students, advisors and future classmates. Here are just a few of its features: University Rankings Find out which schools are best rated in terms of placing new graduates. Read how LinkedIn ® attains these ratings in LinkedIn ®s Official Blog article, Ranking Universities Based on Career Outcomes. University Finder Just tell LinkedIn ® what you want to do and theyll show you the top schools for that industry career. Field of Study Explorer LinkedIn ® takes your field of study (based on your profile) and lists the top business and connections for you. Decision Boards Create a pin board where you can keep all of your top picks from your University Rankings, Finder and Field of Study tools in one place, plus get start conversations to get advice from people you trust and respect.When you select a preferred university and/or field of study, your Decision Board will appear on your profile page. Visitors will then have the opportunity to help you make your decision based on their experiences. For more information on how to use LinkedIn ® Youniversity, read LinkedIn ® Official Blog article, Social + Data = Better Decisions for Students. I would love to hear how you or your college student children are using these new LinkedIn ® features. And if you don’t have my book yet and you want to know how to optimize the value you get from LinkedIn ® as a job seeker, business person, or student, just go How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn ® Profile. If you purchase the book in PDF format, youll receive unlimited lifetime updates! Finally, if youd like me to address a particular LinkedIn ® topic you dont see covered in my book or blog, just email me at BrendaB@TheEssayExpert.com with your suggestion. The answer to your question might be featured in the next edition!

The conflicts of Pan Tadeusz Free Essay Example, 1000 words

Pan Tadeusz mimics the elements of everyday existence. However, it does not narrate a fairy-tale of a problematic champion. All the characters are ordinary persons immersed in their community and not experiencing seclusion. The superb solidarity between the personas in the epic and the universe that is their destiny is a paramount trait of the sonnet. Pan Tadeusz encompasses vital details of the Polish people. It is lucid and straightforward in its attraction of its prospective readers. This explicated by the fact that extremely few words require elucidations with regard to it origin. It evokes an enormous intensity of emotion which occasionally leads into sentimentality. Other emotions transform into lyric fervour. It is a superb truth with regard to the concrete facts of the sonnet. It raises many subjects that influenced the Polish society at the time. It is also superb due to the utilization of general feelings. Pan Tadeusz is a masterpiece that attempts to amalgamate the exiles with the nation. Conflicts from Pan Tadeusz Difference between Gerwazy and Father Robak This dispute climaxes in a dreadful satire. Father Robak experiences a heroic change from a convict to a contrite to an outstanding Polish hero. We will write a custom essay sample on The conflicts of Pan Tadeusz or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now He battles against the autonomous and disruptive squabbling of the inferior gentility. He is argumentative and plants discord among individuals. However, he transforms and desires to abolish this evil from the Polish community. Conversely, Gerwazy is slow in doing the same. He values nature and customs interrelating serpentine lines. He manipulates Horeszko and eventually seeks coalition with Dobrzynskis. He remains a superb squire, disruptive and tussling and destructs the rebellion that Robak organizes. These opposed characters portray a brutal conflict in the sonnet. The brutal arguing and all the evils are what the two characters depict of the landed gentry. The theme of the catastrophic conflict reflects ambivalence of Fate and the element of Man disparate from History (Mickiewicz, p.160). Difference between Tadeusz and Horeszko Tadeusz comes back from his schooling to the mansion belonging to his uncle in Lithuania. At approximately the same juncture, Horeszko arrives from his journey in Europe. Horeszko discovers his household is in disorder and under possession by his colleague Soplica. Horeszko’s involvement in barsk’s confederacy caused his wealth to be seized. After Horeszko loses his affluence, the clan feels that he has lost his ancient, enormous significance.

Best Babe Didrikson Zaharias Quotes

Babe Didrikson Zaharias was an outstanding athlete from her early years. She excelled in basketball, track and field, and golf. In track and field, she won medals or established world records in five different events. After winning two gold and one silver medal in the 1932 Olympics at Los Angeles, she played basketball, appeared at major league baseball exhibition games, and finally switched to golf. She married George Zaharias in 1938, and died of cancer in 1956. A favorite with the press, she often did not get along well with other athletes, who resented her aggressiveness and self-promotion. It has been argued that Babe Didrikson Zaharias was the greatest woman athlete ever. Quotations by Babe Didrikson Zaharias All of my life I have always had the urge to do things better than anybody else. You cant win them all—but you can try. I am out to beat everybody in sight, and that is just what Im going to do. You have to play by the rules of golf just as you have to live by the rules of life. Theres no other way. Study the rules so that you wont beat yourself by not knowing something. Before I was in my teens, I knew exactly what I wanted to be: I wanted to be the best athlete who ever lived. Luck? Sure. But only after long practice and only with the ability to think under pressure. The formula for success is simple: practice and concentration then more practice and more concentration. The more you practice, the better. But in any case, practice more than you play. Practice, which some regard as a chore, should be approached as just about the most pleasant recreation ever devised, besides being a necessary part of golf. Its not enough just to swing at the ball. Youve got to loosen your girdle and let er fly. Golf is a game of coordination, rhythm and grace; women have these to a high degree. Good golf is easier to play -- and far more pleasant -- than bad golf. I played with boys rather than girls. I preferred baseball, football, foot-racing and jumping with the boys, to hop-scotch and jacks and dolls, which were about the only things girls did. Get toughened up by playing boys games, but dont get tough. Winning has always meant much to me, but winning friends has meant the most. You know when theres a star, like in show business, the star has her name in lights on the marquee! Right? And the star gets the money because the people come to see the star, right? Well, Im the star, and all of you are in the chorus. As long as Im improving, I will go on, and besides, theres too much money in the business to quit. The Babe is here. Whos coming in second? Quotes About Babe Didrikson Zaharias On her gravestone:Â  Babe Didrikson Zaharias, 1911-1956, Worlds Greatest Woman Athlete Grantland Rice (Sportswriter) She is beyond all belief until you finally see her perform. Then you finally understand that you are looking at the most flawless section of muscle harmony, of complete mental and physical coordination, the world of sport has ever seen. Paul Gallico (in Sports Illustrated) It may be another 50 or 75 years before such a performer as Mildred Didrikson Zaharias again enters the lists. For even if some yet unborn games queen matches her talent, versatility, skill, patience and will to practice, along with her flaming competitive spirit, ... there still remains the little matter of courage and character, and in these departments the Babe must be listed with the champions of all times. Betty Dodd (Golfer and Companion of Babe Didrikson Zaharias) I had such admiration for this fabulous person. I never wanted to be away from her even when she was dying of cancer. I loved her. I wouldve done anything for her.

Advantages and disadvantages of MSN Messenger Free Essays

Introduction All over the world many people use the internet. One of the main reasons for using internet is communication. People communicate with each other in many different ways such as: emails, chat rooms and of course instant messaging programs. We will write a custom essay sample on Advantages and disadvantages of MSN Messenger or any similar topic only for you Order Now Have you ever used MSNPersonally I’ve been using it for years now and I know many friends and people from my family use MSN. MSN is a one of the most popular instant messaging service in the world and in my opinion the best I have ever used. It has millions of users around the world. It has a lot of amazing and different feature in addition to its basic work as an instant messaging software. However, like most things there are advantages and disadvantages related to this program. and this is what I’m going to write about in my report. MSN program was created by Microsoft on July 22, 1992. It was formally named â€Å"MSN Messenger† but it has been renamed as â€Å"windows live messenger† on December 13, 2005. It has many different versions, the first version of MSN messenger was version 1.0. It was released on July 22, 1999. It was only included basic feature like text messaging and very simple contact list. More than 10 version have been released since then and there are many popular versions people still use until now like Messenger 7.5, Windows Live Messenger 8, Windows Live Messenger 2009 and the final one, Windows Live Messenger 2011 which was released on September 30, 2010 and I personally recommended it for its many different interesting features. To sign in the MSN Messenger you must have first an email account (excluding @hotmail, @msn or @live). When you open the program it will ask you to enter your email and password first. If you don’t have a hotmail account you can get one easily and for free from the hotmail website and If you don’t have the MSN program also there are many free links you can find and download the program from it . Like most instant messaging services the main advantage of using MSN program is the ability to communicate with friends, family and businesses. It is like conversation on a chat room with yourself and a friend or more. You type a message and it appear on their screen, they type a reply and it appear also on your screen. It is actually safer and more privet than chat rooms. it is simple, free, easy to access and use. It is good for keeping in touch with friends and family. users can add as many contacts as they want. When users sign in to MSN Messenger they will be able to see which of their contacts are online. It has a possibility to send messages to contacts who are offline and they will receive the offline messages as soon as they log in. They can share and send folders like pictures, music, documents and many different kinds of files. It is support voice and video conversation, that is mean you will be able to see who you are talking to through the webcam. It is similar to video calling on mobiles but it is better quality and of course for free. There is also an ability which was launched on July 12, 2006 that allows windows live messenger and Yahoo users to chat with each other without having to create an account on the other service. In addition the software allows you to run more than one messenger on multiple accounts. You can delete and block contacts so they won’t be able to contact you ever again unless you added them again but in the latest version instead of blocking feature you can appear offline to your contacts as well as to particular contacts. Users can connect services like Facebook and MySpace with windows live messenger. They can post updates and photo to these services also imports contacts from these services. In MSN Messenger there are many fun games available that can be played via the conversation. You can invite your friends to challenge them in a game competition. There are graphics you can use which are called Emoticons. User s can send messages to other contact in a way that make the conversation more attractive and express a particular emotion. You can also add more emoticons by downloading more from internet. like any other thing in the world MSN has disadvantages too. But they are few comparing with the huge advantages that the program has. I think one disadvantage that most users know about is that you don’t have the control about who adds you to their own contact list. So many times strangers people add me but I always block and delete them. You have always to update for the new versions released. Sometimes it has log on problems. People can send you viruses through files. And the most common problem of course is hacking your hotmail account. It happens to users and sometimes they can’t have their accounts back. MSN also used sometimes for gossiping. There is a feature called MySpace, were you users can write about themselves and put self pictures for them. It is a little dangerous if you put self photos because you don’t know who is seeing them and took them. There are not so many disadvantages but they are still little bit risky and it’s important to be a ware of them. Conclusion In conclusion I think MSN Messenger are indeed very important program that continue to attract people from all over the world. I feel it is somehow become a way of life. Where people meet and talk for hours. Manar Mohammed AL-Sawafi How to cite Advantages and disadvantages of MSN Messenger, Essay examples

Tax Complexity and Tax Compliance

Question: Discuss about the Tax Complexity and Tax Compliance. Answer: Introduction: From the considered case study, it was gathered that Hillary is famous for mountain climbing and is a taxpayer. Based on Section 393-10 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 it is gathered that presence of service delivery is important for a certain agreement. From the case study, it was evident that the photographs that consisted of stry manuscript as sold by Hillary. It was evident from the case study that Hillary sold few photographs that is aligned with overall story manuscript. For such reasons, certain depicted items were considered being adjudged the personal assets of Hillary. Brent v FCT (1971) 125 CLR 418 case study explained that, for attaining normal income treatment adequate sales goal must be accomplished. Due to this reason, sale of adequate assets must be ensured as Capital Gains Tax (CGT). If personal life story was narrated by Hillary, that will explain the transfer of ownership related with copyright and can be taken into account as CGT conducts. Considering the same, S-15-2 of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 explained that income could not be gathered from any agreement (Saad 2014). Along with the interest charges, the total loan amount is expected to be paid within two years. For this reason, the overall amount paid to the consumers is $4,000 ($40,000 x 5% per year x 2 years).Within such situation, it can be mentioned that there has been a great demand from the part of the parent for the interest amount payment. The consumer considered forfeiting the amount of loan that assumes the need for trading the additional interest income payment. An amount of $4,000 can be collected from assessable income with tax considerations as per the Section 6 subsection (5) of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 in the form of interest income. Considering the same, Section 6 Subsection 5 explained that ordinary income includes a great amount of money (Tran-Nam, Evans and Lignier 2014). The capital gain or loss, which becomes available from sale of building, is gauged in consideration to point that takes place from the building sale is calculated relied on the points are mentioned under: Land acquisition date: Case study about Hillary explained that on 20th September 1985 was the date on which purchase of a property took place. Considering the same, such property sale falls under CGT asset category that considers property sale accountable to CGT taxation (Eccleston and Warren 2015). The calculation of CST was conducted on proper selling of any residential property. Due to the fact, a residential place expected selling price is computed as $320,000 [$800,000 x $60,000/ ($60,000 + $90,000)]. Along with the similar case, Scott has considered CGT calculation with increased help gathered from two important techniques. This also needs to select among the two techniques that can help in reducing payment of tax (Brown, Handley and O'Day 2015).The above points explained that total capital loss or gain from the sale of rental property is explained below: From the aforementioned table, it might be gathered that Scott requires to deal with lower tax payments if the tax payments to experience the discounted method. For such reason, recognition from rental property selling for the tax period will be $130,000 (Daley and Coates 2015). Hillary case study explained that property-selling auction takes place along with carrying out selling of assets. Moreover, the auctions sale price might be deemed as the assets market price. In such scenario, total capital gain can be found out from property sale to its daughter (Richardson, Taylor and Lanis 2013). As per the offered circumstance, it has been anticipated that a company serves as the property owner. For such reasons, capital gain calculation can be carried out by means of indexation technique. In such circumstances, total capital gain can be found after rental property can be $222,945. References: Brown, C., Handley, J. and O'Day, J., 2015. The dividend substitution hypothesis: Australian evidence.Abacus,51(1), pp.37-62. Daley, J. and Coates, B., 2015.Property taxes. Grattan Institute. Eccleston, R. and Warren, N., 2015. The devil is in the detail: the distributional consequences of personal income tax sharing in the Australian federation. Faccio, M. and Xu, J., 2015. Taxes and capital structure.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,50(03), pp.277-300. Gutman, H.L., 2016. The Saga of Unfulfilled Business Income Tax Reform.Temp. L. Rev.,89, p.267. Richardson, G., Taylor, G. and Lanis, R., 2013. The impact of board of director oversight characteristics on corporate tax aggressiveness: An empirical analysis.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,32(3), pp.68-88. Richardson, G., Taylor, G. and Lanis, R., 2013. The impact of board of director oversight characteristics on corporate tax aggressiveness: An empirical analysis.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,32(3), pp.68-88. Rimmer, X., Smith, J. and Wende, S., 2014. The incidence of company tax in Australia.Economic Round-up, (1), p.33. Saad, N., 2014. Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, pp.1069-1075. Tran-Nam, B., Evans, C. and Lignier, P., 2014. Personal taxpayer compliance costs: Recent evidence from Australia.Austl. Tax F.,29, p.137.

Karma Essays (2962 words) - Shabda, Reincarnation,

Karma KARMA and REINCARNATION Navigate: Ashram| Gurudeva | Newspaper | Church | Temple | Resources | HHE | Himalayan Academy Home Page The twin beliefs of karma and reincarnation are among Hinduism's many jewels of knowledge. Others include dharma or our pattern of religious conduct, worshipful communion with God and Gods, the necessary guidance of the Sat Guru, and finally enlightenment through personal realization of our identity in and with God. So the strong-shouldered and keen-minded rishis knew and stated in the Vedas. And these are not mere assumptions of probing, brilliant minds. They are laws of the cosmos. As God's force of gravity shapes cosmic order, karma shapes experiential order. Our long sequence of lives is a tapestry of creating and resolving karmas-positive, negative and an amalgam of the two. During the succession of a soul's lives-through the mysteries of our higher chakras and God's and Guru's Grace-no karmic situation will arise that exceeds an individual's ability to resolve it in love and understanding. Many people are very curious about their past lives and expend great time, effort and money to explore them. Actually, this curious probing into past lives is unnecessary. Indeed it is a natural protection from reliving past trauma or becoming infatuated more with our past lives that our present life that the inner recesses of the muladhara memory chakra are not easily accessed. For, as we exist now is a sum total of all our past lives. In our present moment, our mind and body state is the cumulative result of the entire spectrum of our past lives. So, no matter how great the intellectual knowing of these two key principles, it is how we currently live that positively shapes karma and unfolds us spiritually. Knowing the laws, we are responsible to resolve blossoming karmas from past lives and create karma that, projected into the future, will advance, not hinder, us. Karma literally means deed or act, but more broadly describes the principle of cause and effect. Simply stated, karma is the law of action and reaction which governs consciousness. In physics-the study of energy and matter-Sir Isaac Newton postulated that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Push against a wall. Its material is molecularly pushing back with a force exactly equal to yours. In metaphysics, karma is the law that states that every mental, emotional and physical act, no matter how insignificant, is projected out into the psychic mind substance and eventually returns to the individual with equal impact. The akashic memory in our higher chakras faithfully records the soul's impressions during its series of earthly lives, and in the astral/mental worlds in-between earth existences. Ancient yogis, in psychically studying the time line of cause/effect, assigned three categories to karma. The first is sanchita, the sum total of past karma yet to be resolved. The second category is prarabdha, that portion of sanchita karma being experienced in the present life. Kriyamana, the third type, is karma you are presently creating. However, it must be understood that your past negative karma can be altered into a smoother, easier state through the loving, heart-chakra nature, through dharma and sadhana. That is the key of karmic wisdom. Live religiously well and you will create positive karma for the future and soften negative karma of the past. Truths and Myths About Karma Karma operates not only individually, but also in ever-enlarging circles of group karma where we participate in the sum karma of multiple souls. This includes family, community, nation, race and religion, even planetary group karma. So if we, individually or collectively, unconditionally love and give, we will be loved and given to. The individuals or groups who act soulfully or maliciously toward us are the vehicle of our own karmic creation. The people who manifest your karma are also living through past karma and simultaneously creating future karma. For example, if their karmic pattern did not include miserliness, they would not be involved in your karma of selfishness. Another person may express some generosity toward you, fulfilling the gifting karma of your past experience. Imagine how intricately interconnected all the cycles of karma are for our planet's life forms. Many people believe in the principle of karma,

Christa McAuliffe - Space Shuttle Challenger Teacher

Christa McAuliffe - Space Shuttle Challenger Teacher Sharon Christa Corrigan  McAuliffe was Americas first teacher in space candidate, chosen to fly aboard the shuttle and teach lessons to children on Earth. Unfortunately, her flight ended in tragedy when the Challenger orbiter was destroyed 73 seconds after liftoff. She left behind a legacy of education facilities called the Challenger Centers, with one located in her home state of New Hampshire. McAuliffe was born September 2, 1948 to Edward and Grace Corrigan, and grew up being very  excited about the space program. Years later, on her Teacher In Space Program application, she wrote, I watched the Space Age being born and I would like to participate. Christa McAulffe in the Shuttle Mission Simulator training for her flight aboard Challenger. NASA Johnson Space Center (NASA-JSC) Early Life Sharon Christa Corrigan was born on September 2, 1948 in Boston, Massachusetts, to Edward C. Corrigan and Grace Mary Corrigan. She was the oldest of five children and went by the name Christa her whole life. The Corrigans lived in Massachusetts, moving from Boston to Framingham when Christa was a small child. She attended Marian High school, graduating in 1966. While attending Marian High School in Framingham, MA, Christa met and fell in love with Steve McAuliffe. After graduation, she attended Framingham State College, majored in history, and received her degree in 1970. That same year, she and Steve were married. They moved to the Washington, D.C. area, where Steve attended Georgetown Law School. Christa took a teaching job, specializing in American history and social studies until the birth of their son, Scott. She  attended Bowie State University, earning a masters degree in school administration in 1978. They next moved to Concord, NH, when Steve accepted a job as an assistant to the state attorney general. Christa had a daughter, Caroline and stayed home to raise her and Scott while looking for work. Eventually, she took a job with Bow Memorial School, then later with Concord High School.   Becoming the Teacher in Space In 1984, when she learned about NASAs efforts to locate an educator to fly on the space shuttle, everyone who knew Christa told her to go for it. She mailed her completed application at the last minute and doubted her chances of success. Even after becoming a finalist, she did not expect to be chosen. Some of the other teachers were doctors, authors, scholars. She felt she was just an ordinary person. When her name was chosen, out of 11,500 applicants in the summer of 1984, she was shocked but ecstatic. She was going to make history as the first school teacher in space. Christa headed to the Johnson Space Center in Houston to begin her training in September 1985. She feared the other astronauts would consider her an intruder, just â€Å"along for the ride,† and vowed to work hard to prove herself. Instead, she discovered that the other crew members treated her as part of the team. She trained with them in preparation for a 1986 mission. Christa McAuliffe undergoing weightless training in NASAs Vomit Comet trainer. NASA   She said, â€Å"A lot of people thought it was over when we reached the Moon (on Apollo 11). They put space on the back burner. But people have a connection with teachers. Now that a teacher has been selected, they are starting to watch the launches again.† Lesson Plans for a Special Mission Besides teaching a set of special science lessons from the shuttle, Christa was planning to keep a journal of her adventure. â€Å"Thats our new frontier out there, and its everybodys business to know about space, she noted.   Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster STS-51L Pictures - 51-L Challenger Crew in White Room. NASA Headquarters - GReatest Images of NASA (NASA-HQ-GRIN) Christa was scheduled to fly aboard the space shuttle  Challenger for mission STS-51L. After several delays, it finally launched January 28, 1986 at 11:38:00 a.m. eastern standard time. Seventy-three seconds into the flight, the Challenger exploded, killing all seven astronauts aboard as their families watched from the Kennedy Space Center. It was not the first NASA space flight tragedy, but it was the first watched around the world. Sharon Christa McAuliffe was killed along with the entire crew; mission commander Francis R. Scobee; pilot Michael J. Smith; mission specialists Ronald E. McNair, Ellison S. Onizuka, and Judith A. Resnik; and payload specialists Gregory B. Jarvis. Christa McAuliffe was also listed as a payload specialist. The cause of the Challenger explosion was later determined to be the failure of an o-ring due to extreme cold temperatures. However, the real problems may have had more to do with politics than engineering. Honors and Remembrance While it has been many years since the incident, people have not forgotten McAuliffe and her teammates. Part of Christa McAuliffe’s mission aboard the Challenger was to have taught two lessons from space. One would have introduced the crew, explained their functions, describing much of the equipment aboard, and telling how life is lived aboard a space shuttle. The second lesson would have concentrated more on spaceflight itself, how it works, why it’s done, etc. She never got to teach those lessons. Astronauts Joe Acaba and Ricky Arnold, who are part of the astronaut corps for the International Space Station, announced plans to use the lessons onboard the station during their mission. The plans covered experiments in liquids, effervescence, chromatography and Newtons laws. Challenger Centers After the tragedy, the families of the Challenger crew banded together to help form the Challenger Organization, which provides resources for students, teachers, and parents for educational purposes. Included in these resources are 42 Learning Centers in 26 states, Canada, and the UK which offer a two-room simulator, consisting of a space station, complete with communications, medical, life, and computer science equipment, and a mission control room patterned after NASAs Johnson Space Center and a space lab ready for exploration. Also, there have been many schools and other facilities around the country named after these heroes, including the Christa McAuliffe Planetarium in Concord, NH. Scholarships have been funded in her memory, and she is remembered each year on NASAs Day of Remembrance commemorating all astronauts lost in the line of duty. The Christa McAuliffe planetarium/Shepard Discovery Center in Concord, New Hampshire. Christa McAuliffe is buried in a Concord cemetery, on a hillside not far from the planetarium built in her honor. Fast Facts: Christa McAuliffe Born: September 2, 1948; died January 28, 1986.Parents: Edward C. and Grace Mary CorriganMarried: Steven J. McAuliffe in 1970.Children: Scott and CarolineChrista McAuliffe was to be the first teacher in space. She was selected in 1984 for a 1986 mission.McAuliffe had planned to teach several lessons from space to children around the world.The Challenger mission was cut short by castastrophe 73 seconds after launch when the main tank exploded due to outgassing from the solid rocket boosters. It destroyed the shuttle and killed all seven astronauts. Sources: â€Å"Christa McAuliffe Biography / Biography of Christa McAuliffe.†Ã‚  Los Alamitos Unified School District / Overview, www.losal.org/domain/521.â€Å"Christas Lost Lessons.†Ã‚  Challenger Center, www.challenger.org/challenger_lessons/christas-lost-lessons/.Garcia, Mark. â€Å"Christa McAuliffes Legacy Experiments.†Ã‚  NASA, NASA, 23 Jan. 2018, www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-challenger-center-collaborate-to-perform-christa-mcauliffe-s-legacy-experiments. Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Social Media In a business environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Social Media In a business environment - Essay Example The report is based on the study of the importance of social media and social networking in the retail business sector. A thorough research of various literatures has been done to understand the importance of social media and social networking for the improvement of the business sectors. It has also been analysed that how the adoption of social media in a retail enterprise can transform the interaction procedure between the organisation and their stakeholders. The five steps of the social media success have been thoroughly followed to introduce new social media strategies for a retail enterprise. These steps include the analysis of the existing social media and social media trinity, integration of all the possible strategies, identification of resources and metrics implementation (Safko, 2010). This analysis is further focused on generating valuable strategies which will assist a retail enterprise to implement the successful usage of social media and network in their business develop ment. It has described that how the incorporation of social media and network in business operation will support and enhance its internal as well as external communications and knowledge management. On the other hand the report has also indicated the obstacles and issues related to the adoption of social media in the business enterprise. The company which has been discussed in this study is a local enterprise. It has a total of 45 retail outlets which mainly deals in apparel and accessories. The organisation also has their website to sell their product but it is not very profit making. The organisation is introducing the kid garment segment in its 20 retail centres. Since last two years the organisation is facing a huge competition in the market. The retail industry is growing to be one of the largest sectors in the global market. There are a huge number of established

Intel Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intel - Term Paper Example Revenues and profits dropped significantly. The company had to change its operational strategies to remain significant in the market. The challenges faced in the organization were mainly on the quality of the HR department and the rising competition (Ulrich, Allen, Brockbank, Younger & Nyman, 2009). The HR department was reluctant in coming up with new operation strategies. The management of Intel Company had to sensitize its HR department on the effectiveness of change. It was found that the HR did not make any concerns on the rising need to improve on service delivery. The department was comfortable with the current operations since the company was making incredible market impact. The rising competition was also a worrying factor that made the management of Intel formulate new plans and strategies. Internal influences in the organization revolved around the employees and the management. The management had it under their responsibility to make sure the company made the correct operational and strategic decisions. The management was responsible for coming up with appropriate decisions regarding the tactics and strategies the company employed. The staff on the other hand was responsible to implement the strategic plans formulated by the management. The expertise of the employees was also an influence in the organizations. The company had over the year employee individual with outstanding talent in the company. The quality of the employees included in the company was questionable. For the transformation of the company to be successful, the employees and management had to work together to come up with suitable strategies (Ulrich, Allen, Brockbank, Younger & Nyman, 2009). The quality of the human resource is also a significant internal factor to be considered. External influences in cluded the market competition. The demand and satisfaction of consumers are also external factors. The rising competition had to force the organization to come up with

A Case Study Audit Report of Veterans Affairs Association

A Case Study Audit Report of Veterans Affairs Association Introduction The Veterans Affairs (VA) is subject to the Government Security Policy (GSP) and must ensure compliance with the GSP and operational standards. The VA is responsible for the conduct of an audit to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of its security program. At the request of the VA, we conducted an audit of security to provide management of the VA with an objective assessment of it security program. Overall, we found that the VA met the requirements of the Government Security Policy (GSP) with respect to compliance, efficiency, and effectiveness. The audit provides an overview of the main security measures we observed. We also identified areas for improvement. The department of Veterans Affairs Investigation A Case Study Audit Report Generally, the VA has put in place a security program which complies with the GSP and operational standards. The roles and responsibilities of Security Management, Personnel Security, Physical Security, Information Technology Security as well as Contracting Management Security and Contingency Measures Security are clearly defined in the Security Management Structure. The Departmental security officer (DSO) carries out his duties by coordinating, controlling and updating the security program on a regular basis. The VA has implemented adequate mechanisms to ensure the protection of sensitive information and assets. The sensitive information and assets are classified, designated, declassified or disposed of, in compliance with the standards. Emergency and recovery plans are periodically developed, documented and revised, in compliance with the requirements. Public Works and Secure Impact (PWSI) is currently responsible for security screening services which are conducted in compliance with the Security Policy and the Personnel Security Standards. Even though the original agreement between the two parties for this service is no longer valid. Moreover, certain roles and responsibilities between the two parties are not clearly established and defined in the agreement. Presently, the VA determines the security level related to the position requirements and requests the appropriate personnel screening. The PWSI acts as the administrative security officer by granting the level of security requested by the VA. About the Audit The Veterans Affairs (VA) is responsible for protecting sensitive data such as financial, medical, and personal Veteran and employee information under their authority. The information must be classified and designated considering the provisions for adequate exceptions of the Access to Information Act and the Privacy Act. The data appropriate to information technologies must be classified and specifically designated per their confidentiality, integrity, availability and value. Information and sensitive data must be protected per minimal standards, and related risk and threat assessment. The VA is responsible for the implementation of the Security Policy within its institution and must conduct an internal audit on their compliance with the policy and their efficiency in implementing it at least every year. This audit is conducted within the framework of Treasury Board Secretariats requirements in this respect. Objectives The objectives of the audit are to ensure the compliance of all sensitive information and goods with the Government Security Policy (GSP) and with the operational standards and the efficiency and effectiveness of the Security Program of the VA. More specifically, the objectives focused on: Security organization, Security Management, Physical Security and Personnel Security. Scope of the Audit The audit covers the following: Security Organization: the structure of security management at the VA for the overall security program. Security Management: the security program, the security education and training programs, the classification and designation of sensitive data, the measures of protection for sensitive information, the breaches and violations of security and other security-related incidents, the protection measures taken for external communications. Physical Security: the location and layout of installations, the identification and the application of protection measures in the installations, the examination and control of physical security measures. Personnel Security: the personnel security investigations, the authorization, refusal and revocation of security levels, the measures required at employees termination of employment. Security and management of emergency cases: necessary actions are taken to protect sensitive information and assets and employees during all types of emergencies. Security and management of contracting: security measurements are included with other requirements in contracts involving access to sensitive information. Approach and Methodology The audit methodologies are comprised of interviews, data gathering, information and report analyses, the study of files and the observation of practices. Findings and Management Responses Security Organization Objective: To verify whether there is in place a security management structure meeting the Agencys requirements for the overall security program, specifically management security, physical security and personnel security. VA has implemented a security management structure which meets the overall security program needs of the Agency. The security responsibilities are clearly defined, established and assigned to personnel whose positions include security responsibilities defined in the position description. Secure Impact, a tenant in the same building as VA, is responsible for the development and implementation of the physical security. For personnel security screening VA depends on the services of PW. Area of Improvement The audit has found that the agreement between the VA and PW for the delivery of personnel security screening services has expired. Furthermore, certain roles and responsibilities of PW as related to the security of the VA personnel were not clearly established in the expired agreement. Management Response The VA recognizes the importance of maintaining valid agreements with its service providers, especially when dealing with security issues. The VA also appreciates the necessity of having clear roles and responsibilities defined in the agreement and understood by all parties. After being apprised of the above situation, the VA contacted PW to begin negotiation on a new agreement, which would clearly state roles and responsibilities of all parties. The VA will also ensure that this agreement is revised periodically and that it is extended, based on operational requirements. Security Management Objective: To verify whether a good security program is an integral part of the VAs overall program and meets the GSP requirements and operational standards. The VA currently has a good security program in place which complies with the requirements of the GSP and operating standards. The responsibilities assigned to security personnel are fully carried out. Guides and procedures have been developed which are used as guidelines for those in charge of security. Area of improvement Develop a security policy or adapt the TBS security policy to meet the VA requirements. Management Response The VA will review current Government Security Policy and determine how and if it can be adapted to meet VA requirements. Should this not be feasible, the VA will develop its own internal security policy. It should be noted that although the VA has no official internal policy which covers all aspects of security, it does have a policy on electronic mail, which sets out standards for ensuring that established security levels are adhered to and that needed information is preserved. Objective: To verify whether there are good security education and training programs. The VA does not have in place a security education and training program. Area of improvement Provide training to employee with security responsibilities. Management Response The VA is fully supportive in providing training to its employees. Each year, a training plan is submitted by employees and approved by the Chairperson. The VA will ensure that those employees with specific security functions are made aware of and encouraged to take training necessary to meet current and upcoming security requirements. Objective: To verify whether sensitive information is classified and designated in compliance with the GSP and operational standards, and whether the classifications and designations are unclassified or eliminated when the information is no longer, or less of a sensitive nature. The VA has implemented a mechanism to ensure that goods of a sensitive nature are classified and designated in compliance with the GSP and operational standards; the same mechanism is also being used to declassify or dispose of the same goods. Area of improvement No recommended improvement Objective: To verify whether protection measures are applied for sensitive information, as well as for employees, in compliance with the mandatory standards and with a risk management methodology. The VA has implemented mechanisms to ensure the security of sensitive information. A process is in place to declassify sensitive information when it is no longer sensitive. The controls in place ensure authorized to receive such information. Area of improvement No recommended improvement Objective: To verify whether breaches of security, security violations and other security-related incidents that may happen are the subject of an enquiry, that measures are taken to minimize the losses and that the necessary administrative or disciplinary measures are taken if warranted. Breaches of security, security violations and other security-related incidents are reported to Secure Impact. Secure Impact is responsible to take the necessary administrative measures and to ensure follow-up. A mechanism is in place and is used to report security breaches and to prepare reports. Area of improvement No recommended improvement Objective: To verify whether the necessary protection measures are taken for the sensitive information communicated to or from official sources outside the department. The VA follows procedures concerning sensitive information transmitted to official sources outside the department. Area of improvement No recommended improvement Physical Security Objective: To verify whether consideration was given to providing good siting to, as well as adequate retrofit of installations, to reduce or eliminate threats and risks to which the information, and the employees in those installations are exposed. The VA uses the facilities along with other government departments. Secure Impact ensures the physical security, thus reducing or eliminating threats and risks. A physical security committee is established with a representative of the VA. In this regards, the physical security is adequate. Area of improvement No recommended improvement Objective: To verify whether the required physical protection measures are applied in installations, so that sensitive information is well protected. The current physical protection measures ensure that sensitive information is protected. Area of improvement No recommended improvement Objective: To verify whether the physical security measures required are applied in the installations to ensure the protection and security of staff. Implemented physical security measures in the VA facilities ensure employee protection and security. Area of improvement No recommended improvement Objective: To verify whether the physical security measures are periodically reviewed and controlled. Security measures are reviewed and controlled periodically. Area of improvement No recommended improvement Personnel Security Objective: To ensure that the personnel of the VA is subjected to a security check per the Government Security Policy (GSP) and the standard on Personnel Security The audit found that security checks were conducted in compliance with the Government Security Policy (GSP) and the standards on Personnel Security. PW is responsible for the safe storing of personnel records and for the filling in and storing of security investigation forms requests. Area of improvement No recommended improvement Objective: To verify whether the necessary levels of security are authorized, refused and revoked per the GSP and to the personnel security standard, and whether such measures are taken in a just and impartial way. The VA has no record of refusals or revocations of levels of security. The VA recognizes its responsibilities in this matter. Area of improvement No recommended improvement Objective: To verify that the necessary measures are taken to reduce or eliminate any risk for the sensitive information and goods as well as for the departments essential systems at the termination of employment. The audit found that the necessary measures are taken at the termination of employment. Area of improvement No recommended improvement Security and Contracting Management Objective: Ensure that security requirements are included with other requirements in contracts when they involve access to sensitive information. The VA does not have mechanisms in place to check authorization to access facilities by the contracting parties. Area of Improvement Put in place a mechanism to check the authority to access the facilities by the contracting parties. Management response The VA is fully aware of its responsibility to ensure that only those individuals with proper authority are given access to its facilities. In some cases, authority to access VA facilities is given by another department, such as Secure Impact, but the VA is informed in advance. The VA will ensure that in those situations where another department gives access to its facilities, once the individuals show up, their name and authority will be verified with the other department. Conclusion The audit provides an overview of the main security measures observed, as well as, identifies areas for improvement. The audit methodologies are comprised of interviews, data gathering, information and report analyses, the study of files and the observation of practices. Finally, the audit covers security organization, security management, physical security, personnel security, security and management of emergency cases, and security and management of contracting. Reference http://andrei.clubcisco.ro/cursuri/5master/sric-asr/cursuri/Readings/secaudit.pdf

“A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings” by Gabriel García Márquez Essay

When Pelayo was coming back to his house, he found an old man face down in the mud, with a pair of enormous wings. The neighbor told them he was an angel, and must have been knocked down by the rain. In the short story, â€Å"A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings†, Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez reveals some of his ideas of human nature. He shows how pessimistic humanity can be, through an experience with a fallen angel. One portrayal found in the story was the idea of human greed and selfishness. Most people are interested in what is best for them, or how they can take advantage of something for their own good. In the story, the Pelayo and Elisenda, husband and wife, had an angel fall into their yard. At first they were going to put the angel on a raft and free him from their chicken coop prison. Instead, they decided to charge admission to see the fallen angel that they held captive in their courtyard (6). They knew that people would come from everywhere to see this spectacle, and took advantage of the situation. By keeping this angel locked up in the chicken coop, they were profiting off of his misery. The people that came complained of their many problems, and were looking for the angel to help them. They were all concerned with themselves, and their own problems, rather than the angel’s well being. This selfishness is just part of human nature. The human race will always look for the best options to benefit themselves. Humans seem to have a very short attention span. The smallest things can be amusing, and keep our attention, but generally only for a short time. The human race is always looking for the new best thing, whether it is the hippest fashions, the newest, fastest cars, or the top-of-the-line computers. In â€Å"A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings†, the people were amazed by the fact that a â€Å"flesh-and-blood angel† had fallen, and were coming from all over to see him. It was only after a period of a few weeks or so that a traveling circus came to town. In this circus, there was a woman who was supposedly turned into a spider for disobeying her parents. The crowd lost interest in the angel and swarmed to see the spider lady (10). The people were interested in this angel for only a short period of time because something more interesting came to town. The whole idea that there was a fallen angel on earth became old news. Humanity is, by nature, cruel. Again, going back to the angel and his imprisonment, it seemed as though people were upset or disappointed that the angel would not answer their questions. The whole imprisonment was cruel to begin with. At first, they even tried to feed the angel mothballs. Then, when everyone was dissatisfied with the angel merely lying around in the chicken coop, they decided to get him to move by burning his side with an iron, used for branding steers (9). For weeks they tormented this poor, hopeless angel. Mà ¡rquez, through his fiction, has shown some of his feelings on the philosophy of human nature. He feels that as a whole, is not very positive, and can be quite selfish. We tend to have a short attention span with many things, and we can also be very cruel. Human nature, as portrayed in â€Å"A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings†, is not as perfect and wonderful as many would like to believe.

How are marked and unmarked identities socially produced

A simple definition of identity might be no more than â€Å"who we are†. People of the same nationality or age, for example, can be said to have an identity in common. It follows that by virtue of belonging to more than one group, or â€Å"collective identity†, we all have multiple identities. Identities can connect people; and disconnect them too. Similarities in group identities may give rise to positive connections between people, but equally connections may be negative when referring to differences. An identity created by differences can be: one that is negatively valued; one which ceases to be equal; and one where social life is maintained on an imbalance. Identities can be both individual (for example: female, Southerner) and, through referring to relationships and connections to others (whether they be similar or different), social. Furthermore, social identities can be either situated, that is given by what people are doing (shopping, working), or relational and given by the relationships between people. It is important to note this relational identity can be unequal. The concepts of marked and unmarked identities are a pairing of unequal relational identities where the unmarked identities – taken for granted – are not noticed; in contrast to the marked identities, which always are. As Taylor states, the marked identities â€Å"in most cases carry a negative value† (Taylor, 2009, p179). This essay describes the way marked and unmarked identities are created. An example of marked and unmarked identity is found in Raban’s Street People. They were the homeless living on the streets of New York; they were grouped by â€Å"others† (everyone else) as a collection of â€Å"thieves, alcoholics, the temporarily jobless† (Raban cited in Taylor p176). The identity given to the Street People is relational; it is both detailed and negative and is the marked identity of the pairing. â€Å"Everyone else†, the other half of the relationship, is of course the unmarked identity. People with unmarked identities have a â€Å"vaguely positive ‘normal’ identity which is not really described† (Taylor, 2009, p179). Moreover, the Street People were grouped together as being the â€Å"same†, because as Taylor suggests it is part of the nature of group identities that they are not seen as individuals with different life histories (2009, p177). â€Å"The social process through which the difference of other people is marked and their negatively valued identity becomes established† is known as Othering (Taylor, 2009, p179). From the articles both the Roma or â€Å"immigrants† and the â€Å"thugs† are the marked identities. The Roma immigrants have a racial and ethnic collective identity; they are Roma, from Romania, living in Northern Ireland, some of whom are English-speaking. The attacks against them (by the thugs) are racially motivated, and in racist rhetoric a frequent insistence is that immigrants should ‘go back to where they come from’. As Taylor observes, a racial and ethnic identity, like the Roma, often positions people â€Å"as recent immigrants to the country in which they were born and grew up† (2009, p182). Although the article doesn’t say how long the immigrant Roma people have been living in Belfast, the mention of a baby indicates that in this community there is at least a second generation. The other marked identity is that of the thugs. They are described with labels such as, â€Å"gang†, â€Å"neo-Nazi†, â€Å"racist criminals† and â€Å"far-right faction† whose actions were â€Å"illegal†; although unlike the Street People they may be comfortable claiming at least part of that identity. In both articles figures of authority use powerful language to condemn the behaviour of the thugs and unconditionally support the Roma. The Roma are recognised as making a contribution to the community where they were living, presumably side by side with their assailants, in a cosmopolitan district of Belfast. Despite this, however, they remain marked; their identity is further reinforced and re-created by the negative effect of the rhetoric of persecution and discrimination in both the articles. In contrast, the unmarked identity are the Western, white, Irish who are also given a situational identity by association with their â€Å"cosmopolitan and affluent† place of residence – a strong impression is given of a â€Å"nice† (not a â€Å"working-class†) place to live. In the article the journalist makes a particular point of mentioning that the attacks did not happen in a working-class, Protestant neighbourhood, where perhaps it would be less surprising to see this behaviour? In a modern society it is no longer possible to divide up a community into Karl Marx’s neat groups of capitalists and workers. A more complex picture exists in the contemporary UK of â€Å"middle-class† and â€Å"working-class† groups. Both terms refer to characteristics such as affluence, education, background and even accent, furthermore terms, such as â€Å"chav†, â€Å"posh† or â€Å"yummy mummy† can add further detail. In the article the description of Lisburn Road with â€Å"coffee shops full of affluent young mothers† is describing a comfortable, middle-class district which confers an identity just on the unmarked. As with Raban’s Street People, the Roma and the thugs have been grouped into an â€Å"imagined community†. ’Imagined’ refers to the importance of our ideas and beliefs about the world† (Taylor, 2009, p178). Typically, members of an imagined community are too numerous to be personally acquainted, however, as both the Roma and thugs were relatively small groups it is probable that members were acquainted. The negative collective identity, again as with the Street People, was given by others. Taylor suggests that at some level the experience of being homeless in a modern society in some way constituted the Street People as a group, as the experience of persecution helped constitute the Roma as a group (2009, p178). Finally, the story of the Roma people here is an example of how established differences and inequalities are reinforced. The attacks by the thugs were â€Å"part of a trend of growing abuses against the Roma across Europe† (www. amnestry. org. uk accessed December 2010) they were challenging and contesting the right of the Roma to live in their community. In turn their persecution of the Roma was challenged by residents of the community and figures of authority in an attempt to repair and improve society. Taylor, S (2009) ‘Who do we think we are? Identities in everyday life’ in Taylor, S. Hinchliffe, S. , Clarke, J. and Bromley, S. (eds) Making Social Lives, Milton Keynes, The Open University. Amnesty International accessed 4th December 2010 http://www. amnesty. org. uk/news_details. asp? NewID=18258 Order and predictability are important if society is to exist therefore it is inherent that social order is maintained. Social order can be referred to as a set of linked social structures, social institutions and social practices which act to conserve, maintain and enforce an orderly way of relating and behaving within society. There are various views and theories of how social order is created within society two such views come from Erving Goffman and Michael Foucault. The difference between theories such as those of Erving Goffman and Michael Foucault is primarily one of focus. Goffman analysed social rules governing nonverbal interactions by individual people to develop his theories using the metaphor of a theatre. Goffman demonstrated that the most casual actions, such as posture, body and eye movements that people make are performances aimed toward communicating a positive impression for an audience. Goffman focused on the self and self-presentation he preferred to study individuals. Goffman’s descriptions of individual’s face-to-face interactions formed the large body of his work through this he noted that social interactions could be reworked by changing interactions. In contrast, Michael Foucault preferred to analyse the entire society. He examined the ways in which societies function and the principles of exclusion societies developed to define their differing forms of order throughout different historical times. Foucault did not conduct the type of first hand and intensive field work characteristic of the development of Goffman's theories. Foucault's theories on history and the self were more impersonal and global in focus. They centred on how societies interpreted and implemented their definitions of sane and insane, innocent and criminal and insider and outsider and how with each differing discourse social change emerged creating a new and greater power than the last. Goffman looks at the way individuals present themselves and their activities to others using the theatre as a framework. In his theory of impression management Goffman saw that through interaction with others in society an impression of the subject is given off to others. This is automatic and inevitable. The way people perceive others is through this social interaction. This means that through messages that are given off whether intended or unintended they are the judgments by which people will hold their opinion of others they come into contact with. According to Goffman impression management is fundamentally about expressive responsibility it is about self-consciously crafting an exterior appearance that will not offend the audience. In other words social interaction is an act of dramatization in which people perform in accordance with the social order or environment expected of them the nature of the environment and with the goal of manufacturing performances that are acceptable keeps social order constant but if these interactions are changed or reworked the result will be different disrupting the social norms within society (Silva, 2009, p. 16). In contrast to Goffmans research Foucault dismisses the view that individuals have any power or control over society looking instead at historical evidence and exploring how social order is written and talked about differently depending on what is deemed appropriate by the organisations which govern society at the time which he is studying he called these discourses the way different frameworks guide what is acceptable within these periods of time whether it be the way people are talking or acting at any given point in history. So as well as looking at how these subjects act within the larger society he is looking at society itself as a larger organism this allows him to explore micro as well as macro rather than Goffmans studies of only the micro or the individual. (Silva, 2009, p. 319) There are however similarities between the two in that they are both concerned with the bigger picture of understanding how society and social order is formed, maintained, changed and rebuilt over time the differences only become visible when their methods and theories are broken down. A good way to explore both the similarities and differences in these theories is to look at the case studies by Buchanan and Monderman In these instances the focus is the relationship between traffic and pedestrians and how the governance of these variables act as agents in the conception of social order. Buchanan and Monderman explored how the relationship between traffic and pedestrians makes and remakes social order. Traffic congestion in Britain’s towns and cities increased in correlation with the rise in car ownership following the conclusion of the Second World War. Buchanan was commissioned in 1961 by the UK Government to deliver the report ‘Traffic in Towns’. This report was deemed necessary to avoid demand for road space being greater than that available. The recommendation of the Buchanan report was that traffic and pedestrians should be segregated. Buchanan’s principle was to isolate areas for working, shopping and leisure, separate to ‘corridors’ where traffic could move freely without disruption, regulating the movements of both traffic and pedestrians. The isolated areas were described as ‘environmental units’ (Silva, 2009, p. 328). Monderman’s view directly contradicted the ideas presented by Buchanan. Monderman challenged the principle of segregation as well as other factors associated with traffic calming such as warning signs and speed humps. This philosophy of shared space takes a different approach to public spaces and highways in that segregation are almost exclusive to highways. Monderman’s thesis uses psychological traffic calming to improve road safety using measures such as abolishing roadside markings and Signposting. Monderman pioneered the idea of the ‘naked street’ the removal of what he viewed as unnecessary ‘street furniture’ within this model which promotes the idea of social order being maintained and balanced by the interaction between drivers and pedestrians (Silva, 2009, p. 333). Monderman displays awareness and understanding of the driver of the vehicle in contrast to Buchanan, Monderman implies that the driver rather than the vehicle is the true cause of potential danger on the road. Both of these studies can be used and compared to those of Foucault and Goffman both have differing views centred on the same big issue for example Michel Foucault theorised that we behave according to what he refers to as discourse. In this instance discourse is what is in everyday talking, thinking and reading, but it has come down from people and institutions invested with authority. In his view we think we are free to act but in reality we are obeying authority figures this can applied to the report by Colin Buchanan When people drive they automatically obey road signs and physical features Foucault proposes that discourses are replaced as the need arises but that they are always cascaded down from authority figures. These figures change through time from the organisations in charge of social order and so on. So as we had more cars on the road we had new rules around their use. Monderman’s approach had the street furniture and segregation and claimed that pedestrians going through what became known as shared spaces instinctively knew to be aware of other road users and pedestrians and negotiated their way by making eye contact with each other. Erving Goffman's theory can be compared to this as he believed that people interact with each other in daily life to make things work better so that they can make changes in social order which they can claim as their own rather controlled governing bodies. n conclusion both have many similarities such as their desire to understand social life and order, they are both rational in their ideas of authority although neither claims to have a definitive theory of social order both believe it is made up of sequences whether it be small individual pieces or discourses that creates power and organisation however they differ in their approaches to what components make up society one taking the individual and one taking society as a whole. One believing that the way individuals act towards one another directly affects how social order is made and remade one believing that this is only influenced by larger organisms such as government as a whole not as individual entities. Both views have merit and are not without fault but are in their own ways directly concerned with the bigger picture that is social order within society.

Changing Social And Political Space Of Women Essay

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